About
The DAEDALUS project aims to uncover how warm-bloodedness (endothermy) developed in birds and their dinosaur ancestors by studying the semicircular canal system in the inner ear (or labyrinth), vital for balance and orientation. The principle: as fluid warms, it becomes less viscous. Thus, as early endotherms evolved endothermy, their ear canal fluid's viscosity decreased, leading to necessary adaptations in canal morphology and/or physicochemical properties for survival. Our innovative thermo-motility index, reshaping biomechanical equations for semicircular canals, predicts body temperatures using ear canal characteristics. Our method, validated in Nature-published research, established the onset of mammalian endothermy ~234 million years ago and is applicable to extinct species, which often preserve the inner ear. Exploring bird evolution, however, poses much greater challenges. Currently, we only know endolymph (ear canal fluid) viscosity in pigeons, which differs significantly from other tetrapods. Hence, we need broader knowledge across reptiles and birds. Data on the membranous labyrinth, a crucial soft-tissue structure enclosed by the bony labyrinth, is limited, complicating estimations for extinct species. Additionally, early dinosaur bony labyrinth data is scarce, requiring paleontological exploration. We also aim to resolve unknowns in the biomechanics of the inner ear by characterizing tetrapod head motion signals. These problems involve pioneering veterinary surgeries for tetrapod inner ears, developing a nanoviscometer for endolymph rheological characterization, unearthing new paleontological sites for dinosaur origin insights, and deploying artificial intelligence to convert 2D videos into 3D biomechanical data. These advanced methods promise breakthroughs in understanding avian endothermy and new windows in vestibular research, supported by our preliminary data.